7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 1
•This presentation will cover the following
topics:
•An overview of place names in the
Eastern Simi Hills.
•The west-valley lime industry, recent
archaeological findings at Dayton
Canyon, and what we know about
the19th and 20th century west-valley
Native American community.
• Anthropologist John P. Harrington’s visit
100 years ago.
The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry
and Native American History
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 2
Reference Points:
1871 Map of the Ex-
Mission de San
Fernando to Eulogio
de Celis (source
Huntington Digital Library)
1
2
4
3
1 – San Fernando
Mission
2 – Rancho Los
Encinos
3 – Rancho El
Escorpion
4 – Eastern Simi Hills
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 3
1 El Escorpion de las Salinas
- Sitiptip (Chatsworth
Reservoir);
2 Dayton Canyon;
3 Bell Canyon – Huwam;
4 Stoney Point – Momonga;
5 Stagecoach Way Station at
Las Pilitas;
6 Sky Valley / Burro Flats
Village
Eastern Simi Hills 1871 – Overview and Place Names
4
1
Overland
Stage Road
3
5
2
6
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 4
The horizontal blue line is today’s Roscoe
Blvd. The southern half of ex-Mission
lands were sold to Lankershim & Van
Nuys in 1869; the northern half were sold
to McClay & Porter in 1873.
1 Woolsey Canyon; El Escorpion de las
Salinas, La Calera, Pierre Domec and
Maria Odón; Bernabel and Marcelina
Odón adobes
2 Dayton Canyon; house of Jose
Mascarel
3 Bell Canyon; Rancho El Escorpion
granted to Odón; Espiritu his daughter
married Miguel Leonis. Odón Chihuya
and his wife Eusabia were also at Bell
Canyon
Eastern Simi Hills 1871 – West Valley Limekiln Sites
1
3
2
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The Old West Valley Lime Industry –
Summary
•Significant historic limestone processing operations existed at Woolsey, Dayton and Bell
canyons.
•It is generally believed that the earliest operations may have been built to supply mortar,
plaster, and other lime-based products for the Mission San Fernando complex (around
1806).
•There are several historic records concerning the lime kilns and lime works in both Bell
Canyon and Woolsey Canyon, but the kilns at Dayton Canyon, in the center of the prime
area for quality limestone bedrock, have never been described in detail.
•This presentation will describe and discuss all three of these operations, both in terms of
the important lime industry itself, but also because of the importance of the historic west
valley Native American community that operated them.
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 6
Buildings at the San Fernando Mission
•1797 – First Church Building
•1798 – Granary and weaving room
•1799 – second Church Building and granary,
and a dwelling for the padres
•1801 – six houses for the guards, apartment
for the single girls and women, more
granaries and store rooms
•1804 – 70 adobe houses for the neophytes
•1806 – The new church is built
•1808 – A dam built of masonry, and an
aqueduct from the dam to the Mission
•1810 – A new house for the fathers and a
new village ranchería consisting of 40
houses. Mission San Fernando Rey de España circa 1870
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 7
• In 1781, at the site of today’s LA Plaza,
the Spanish civilian pueblo “El Pueblo
de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los
Ángeles” was founded.
•As the town grew, pueblos and brick
buildings required a supply of lime for
mortar and plaster.
• The photo to the right shows an 1870’s
view of early Los Angeles as seen from
the Pico House. In the foreground is
the courtyard of the 1781 Spanish
Pueblo. To the left of this, a low white
adobe, is the bakery of Pierre Domec
and his Indian wife, who baked
sourdough French bread. (source LAPL
Photo Collection)
Buildings in early Los Angeles
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 8
The Old West Valley Lime Industry –
Limestone background
•Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of the minerals calcite and aragonite (i.e.
calcium carbonate), and is largely made of skeletal fragments of marine organisms
including corals, diatoms, and shell materials from larger marine organisms.
•Limestones of various sorts make up about 10% of all of the sedimentary rocks on the
earth, and they are found in almost all parts of the world.
•Geologically, Chatsworth, as a part of the Pacific plate, was once 5,000 feet below sea
level. As the Pacific plate collided with the North American plate at what is today’s San
Andreas fault, the Pacific Plate rose to today’s 1,000 feet above sea level.
•A seam of limestone runs from Bell Canyon to the Woolsey Canyon area. The richest
limestone is in between the two sites in Dayton Canyon.
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Limekilns (Caleras) in the San Fernando Valley
•In 1795, an exploration party searched for a place to establish a new mission, mid-
way between Mission San Gabriel and Mission San Buenaventura. During the
search, it was documented that limestone was already being stockpiled and a kiln
was being built at the site selected for the future 1797 San Fernando mission.
• Other limekilns close to the mission (such as Limekiln canyon north of today’s
Tampa) would have also supplied lime.
•The west valley limekilns (Bell, Dayton and Woolsey Canyon) probably date from
sometime during the mid-19th century, or perhaps even earlier; they may or may not
have supplied processed lime for the Mission San Fernando building complex.
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 10
2014 photo of the limekiln, known as La Calera at El Escorpion de las
Salinas, in Chatsworth Reservoir. Designated in 1975 as L.A. Historic
Cultural Monument 141
Pierre Domec and other
Frenchmen operated
limekilns at El Escorpion de
las Salinas/La Calera in the
1850s-60s. Lime had a
ready market in Los Angeles,
for mortar in brick
construction, for the process
of tanning cowhides, and in
sanitation.
The limekiln can be seen today
looking east from the
intersection of Woolsey
Canyon Road and Valley
Circle Blvd.
Chatsworth Limekiln
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Limekilns and how they work
Access arch of the Bell Canyon limekiln
1987 photo courtesy Leonis Adobe
The bricks in the access arch are not adobe bricks, but
fired bricks from the 1850s-60s American Period.
Chatsworth Reservoir limekiln (La Calera)
View of back wall, which is all that remains. This
kiln is built with hand-hewn sandstone blocks and is
over four feet thick; it is at least 18 feet deep
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Limekilns and how they work
Cross section side-view of early pot kiln,
which is a circular structure typically built on
the side of a hill. Wood was layered beneath
layers of limestone and fired for 2 to 3 days,
then cooled for 3 days.
•Lime is generally made by heating
limestone . . . . to over 1,640° F. This drives
carbon dioxide from the rock, leaving
behind processed lime, commonly known
as quicklime or burnt lime.
•Pure lime is white, caustic, lighter in weight
than the original rock, and reacts violently
with water.
•It has many uses, but its principal historic
use was for making mortar and plaster.
When mixed with water and sand, it will
adhere to stone and brick.
• The process of making lime has been
known for thousands of years.
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Limekilns and how they work
•Historically, quicklime was packed
into barrels to protect it from water
or exposure to the air until it was
used.
•There was a cooperage at El Zapo
(the Toad), which is in the foothills
about one mile south of Bell
Canyon.
•Quicklime was an important
resource material used in the
building of the Spanish Missions in
California. Access arch of the Bell Canyon limekiln
1987 photo courtesy Leonis Adobe, Bob Edberg in photo
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 14
Limekilns and how they work
Natural Limestone on the left; Burnt (processed) quicklime on the right.
Quicklime is ground up to a powder and mixed with water to make plaster or mortar.
Quicklime must be stored in barrels to protect it from moisture.
Examples above are from La Calera at El Escorpion de las Salinas in the Chatsworth Reservoir,
courtesy Chatsworth Historical Society
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 15
West Valley Lime Industry
•This 1865 parcel map identifies a house
at Dayton Canyon as “House of
Mascarel”. Jose Mascarel probably
served as the seller/distributor of lime for
Pierre Domec in Los Angeles. And
Mascarel went to work for Louis Vignes
in 1845 as a cooper.
•In the 1850 census, Pierre Domec is
also identified as a cooper.
•The map also identifies a 160 acre
parcel, just south of Dayton Canyon, to
Charles Leboubon, who was Pierre
Domec’s partner in the lime business.
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Limekiln Findings at Dayton Canyon
•In 2015, grading for the extension of Roscoe
Blvd west of Valley Circle Blvd. exposed two
pot limekilns and an associated ashfield.
•Photo at right - the radiating pattern of reddish
oxidation of the surrounding soil is evidence of
extreme heat.
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Limekiln Findings at Dayton Canyon
•Photo looking north
•Grading for the
extension of Roscoe
Blvd west of Valley
Circle Blvd.
•Exposed two pot
limekilns and a large
associated ashfield to
the west.
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Limekiln Findings at Dayton Canyon
•Photo looking west
•Grading for the extension
of Roscoe Blvd west of
Valley Circle Blvd.
•Exposed two pot limekilns
and a large associated
ashfield to the west.
•Note the long ashfield in
the distance to the west,
identifying other limekilns
in the area.
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Limekiln Findings at Dayton Canyon
Width of kiln is identified in red circular
pattern, 25 feet wide by 20 feet deep
Ashfield to the west of kiln, 100 yards long by
25 yards wide.
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Limekiln Findings at Dayton Canyon
Sideview of exposed Dayton Canyon Limekiln Vitrified Rock at Dayton Canyon Limekiln
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Examples of Vitrified Rock and Oxidation at
Bell Canyon and Woolsey Canyon Limekilns
•Vitrified Rock: Heat over
1,800° F causes rocks
to melt and fuse
together
•Oxidation: Iron Oxides
in sand and stone turn
red as the result of
extreme heat.
Woolsey Canyon Bell Canyon
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 22
Limekilns (Caleras) in the San Fernando Valley
•We also need to consider the logistics of
getting the quicklime to where it was
needed: "Because lime is much lighter in
weight than the rock it is made from, it
was easier to haul lime than rock.
Consequently, kilns were usually located
close to the source of the calcium
carbonate" (Perry, et al. 2007:16).
•In the early days of the west valley
operations, simple carretas would have
been used; at least several of these would
have been needed to move any
appreciable amount of product. In time,
wagons, of increasing size, would have
replaced the carretas.
Carreta at Mission La Purisima
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Lime Kiln Plaque at Orcutt Park
Ancient Live Oaks And Old Mission Lime
Kilns 1797-1806
These venerable oak trees were topped by
the Franciscan Friars to furnish fuel for the
nearby lime kilns that provided mortar for the
building of the
Mission San Fernando Rey De Espana
These fused rocks were taken for their
preservation from the remains of the ancient
kilns in this vicinity
Dedicated in honor of
William W. Orcutt
October 2, 1948
Historical Society of Southern California and
California Centennials Commission
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 24
John Peabody Harrington
•John P. Harrington (1884-1961) was an American
linguist and ethnologist and a specialist in the native
peoples of California.
• Harrington’s exhaustive work earned him a position as a
permanent field ethnologist at the Smithsonian, a
position he held for 40 years.
•His field collections include information on placenames
and thousands of photographs, and he gathered more
than 1 million pages of phonetic notations on languages
spoken by tribes from Alaska to South America.
•Harrington devoted much of his life to an intense
examination of the few surviving Chumash people.
•His parents lived in Santa Barbara, and his brother
Robert lived on a small ranch in Simi Valley.
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West Valley Lime Industry
In the 1850’s and 60’s, Frenchmen and Basques were operating
the west valley limekilns.
•Pierre Domec was identified as a limeburner in the 1860
census, and his 1861 and 1865 parcel maps included the
Limekiln 'La Calera'. By 1871 Pierre Domec had moved his
adobe (or had built a new one) slightly north at El Escorpion
de las Salinas, today’s Chatsworth Lake Manor.
•Domec established his relationship in this community by
marrying Maria Dolores, one of the three daughters of Odón
Chihuya, who was one of the three Chumash who were the
grantees of the Mexican Period El Escorpion land-grant,
today’s Bell Canyon. Their first daughter, Francesca, was
born in 1854.
•Maria Dolores and Pierre lived adjacent to La Calera in four
adobes with her brother Bernabel and older sister Marcelina.
Pierre Domec and wife Maria Dolores,
from the Leonis Adobe archives
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 26
The 1865 formal survey of the 1861 sketch by the
Deputy County Surveyor of Los Angeles County,
was for 160 acres.
The 1865 survey boundaries overlaid
on Google Earth in green. The white
outline is La Calera, Domec’s limekiln.
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 27
Miguel Leonis and Espiritu
•Miguel Leonis, a 35-year old French Basque, became a resident
of Rancho El Escorpion (Bell Canyon) in 1859. Leonis raised
sheep, and he was one of many French and French Basques
who came to California in the 1850s to work in that occupation.
The three owners of Rancho El Escorpion allowed Leonis to use
their land for his stock.
• In 1859 he married Espiritu, Odón Chihuya’s third daughter, and
in 1860 their daughter Marcelina was born.
•Leonis built several adobe houses on the north side of Bell
Canyon Creek. His countrymen from France occupied those
houses when they worked the limestone quarries.
• In the 1870’s their home was the Leonis Adobe in Calabasas.
Espiritu Chihuya
Miguel Leonis
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 28
•In 1917 John P. Harrington visited the area and
interviewed Espiritu's son Juan Menéndez (1857-1923),
and his wife Juana, and they visited El Escorpion de las
Salinas.
•Notes from Harrington, related to La Calera, include -
•"Lime pits of the Mission were there" (106-117:9:3)
•"Lime from La Calera was used in Los Angeles
even after the Santa Cruz lime began to be brought
in" (106-117:9:5)
•"Finally the Tehachapi lime was granted such low
rates by the railroads that all competition was
precluded" (106-117:9:6)
Juan and Juana Menéndez, Calabasas, 1917
JP Harrington Collection, Santa Barbara
Museum of Natural History
John P. Harrington’s visit 100 years ago
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John P. Harrington’s visit 100 years ago
•Harrington also interviewed Fernando Sétimo Moraga
(aka Sétimo Moraga López) (1844-1930), and they also
visited El Escorpion de las Salinas.
•Sétimo was a key consultant, providing placenames for
west valley rancherías and many other places.
Sétimo Moraga López in 1916
Harrington Papers, National
Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian
Institution, 91-31239.
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José Juan Olivas in 1916 at the ruins of the old adobe where his “aunts”, the daughters
of Odón Chihuya, lived, at El Escorpion de las Salinas.
Harrington Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, 91-31231.
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“The Final Chapter” on West Valley Quarrying Activities-
Bell Canyon Limestone Quarry
In 1939 to 1941, the limestone hilltop at
the mouth of Bell Canyon was used to
face the Sepulveda Dam Basin.
7/24/2016 The West San Fernando Valley Lime Industry and Native American History 32
Sources/Acknowledgements
Chatsworth Historical Society, 2014, “Chatsworth Lake Manor”, PowerPoint presentation
Cohen, Chester, 1989, “El Escorpion”
Johnson, John, 1997, “Mission San Fernando Indians”
Johnson, John, 1999, Odón Genealogy – “Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples”
Johnson, John, 2006, “Ethnohistoric Overview for the Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park Cultural
Resources Inventory Project”
Knight, Albert, 2012, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, “Three Chumash-Style Pictograph Sites
in Fernandeño Territory”, SCA Proceedings, Vol 26
Knight, Albert, 2016, “West Valley Lime Industry” (draft)
Prepared by Albert Knight, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Department of Anthropology, with
assistance from Bob Edberg, NARC (Northridge Archaelogical Resource Center), Michelle Covello of
the Leonis Adobe, and Ray Vincent of the Chatsworth Historical Society, July 2016
